This reference report provides information about data files from the 1980 Census (20th Census) of Population and Housing in the custody of the National Archives. None of the records described contain individual names or identifiers. The data files contain summary statistics on population and housing characteristics, public use microdata samples, or geographic reference data.
This series contains summary statistic data files, including general public use Summary Tape Files (STF) and summary statistic data files created for a specific use. The Bureau of the Census created 5 STFs. Each STF consists of a particular set of subject matter data tables for specific types of areas and the files within each STF differ in the types of geographic areas covered, such as states, counties, minor civil divisions, census tracts, and etc. The catalog description for each STF file details the subject matter and geographic areas covered in the file. Also, the 1980 Census Summary Statistic Data Files Geographic Area Coverage Table provides a comparison of the various geographic areas in the STFs, excluding geographic areas unique to Puerto Rico. STFs 1 and 2 provide data based on the complete count, but, in general, STF2 contains more subject matter detail than STF1. STFs 3, 4, and 5 are based on sample data, with STF4 containing more subject matter detail than STF3. STF5 contains the most subject matter detail of the STFs. The Bureau of the Census also created summary statistic data files for Public Law 94-171 and for Equal Employment Opportunity and affirmative action uses.
1980 census data by zip code
The technical documentation for the summary statistic data files consists of basic and general documentation and, in some cases, code tables. Basic documentation includes that which is necessary to interpret the structure and content of the files. General documentation includes a description of the 1980 Summary Tape Program, technical information about the various STFs, a glossary of 1980 Census concepts, and sometimes additional information specific to those data files. Documentation often varies for Puerto Rico and other American territories. The unit also has custody of supplementary documentation related to the 1980 Census, such as the Bureau of the Census' "Users Guide: Part C. Index to Summary Tape Files 1-4" (PHC80-R1-C, issued September 1983, 145 pages). Contact staff regarding the availability of supplementary documentation.
For those researchers interested in comparing 1980 Census data and 1970 Census data, several 1980 Census summary tape files (STF) are comparable to some of the 1970 Census summary counts. The 1980 STF1 is similar in subject matter and geographic detail to the 1970 First and Third Count files. The 1980 STF2 and STF4 are roughly comparable to the 1970 Second and Fourth Counts, respectively. The 1980 STF3 is comparable to the 1970 Fifth Count, while the 1980 STF5 corresponds to the 1970 Sixth Count. For more information about the 1980 census summary tape files available from NARA, please see the 1970 Census (19th Census) of Population and Housing Electronic Records Reference Report. For 1970 Census and 1980 Census tract comparability, see 1980-1970 Tract Comparability File below.
This series contains records for a sample (drawn from long-form questionnaires) of housing units with information on the characteristics of each unit and the people it. The "A," "B," and "C" sample files have a different geographic scheme, although the microdata records do not identify geographic areas with fewer than 100,000 inhabitants. These three files also differ in sample size, which is a subsample of the sample of households that received census long-form questionnaires. The Bureau of the Census specially prepared the "E" and "F" sample files for other research institutions. Data files in this series include:
NHGIS has released Version 2.0 of our 1980 block shapefiles, depicting 1980 census block boundaries in 62 metropolitan areas throughout the U.S. We will update and extend the shapefiles in future releases as we complete block editing work for more areas.
We currently provide the boundary files through this web page along with documentation and census summary statistics for 1980 blocks. In the future, we will provide both the boundary files and summary tables through the NHGIS Data Finder.
The U.S. Census Bureau's 1992 TIGER/Line Files include both 1990 and 1980 census block boundaries, but the 1980 blocks are badly incomplete and often inaccurate. Of the 2.5 million blocks that appear in the 1980 census summary tables, about 765,000 do not appear in the 1992 TIGER/Line Files, and there are missing cases in nearly every county where block data were provided.
Using the 1980 paper census block maps as a guide, NHGIS staff are manually editing data from the 1992 TIGER/Line Files to recover as many missing blocks as possible. The Census Bureau published the paper maps separately by Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA), so NHGIS editing work is also organized by SMSA.
NHGIS validates the edited geographic block data against the statistical block data from 1980 Summary Tape File 1 (STF1). For a small portion of the blocks that appear in STF1, we are unable to find corresponding blocks on the paper maps or in the TIGER/Line data, so we cannot provide complete block definitions for all reported statistics. Our validation process produces summaries of the discrepancies between the edited boundary data and statistical data. We supply these summaries for user reference along with the shapefiles.
We also provide separate files of block-level summary tables derived from the 1980 STF1 dataset. This is important because the original STF1 includes data only for block parts and not for the whole collection blocks that the boundary files depict.
We plan to produce 1980 block shapefiles for all of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSAs) that are covered (imperfectly) in the 1992 TIGER/Line Files. In 1980, the Census Bureau's block data program covered only urbanized areas and large incorporated places (those with 10,000 or more residents based on pre-1980 sources). State and local agencies also contracted with the Bureau to obtain block data for many additional areas, but the 1992 TIGER/Line Files provide very limited information for the blocks in these areas, so we do not expect to complete those.
The Census Bureau defines two types of census blocks: collection blocks and tabulation blocks. As implied by these names, the Census Bureau generally tabulates and publishes data only for tabulation blocks, not collection blocks. The collection blocks are defined first, before census operations, and their boundaries mainly follow observable physical features like roads, railroads, streams, shorelines, etc. Most tabulation blocks match collection blocks, but tabulation blocks can include additional subdivisions wherever collection blocks are split by higher-level reporting areas, such as incorporated places and minor civil divisions (MCDs). As explained in the Census Bureau's Geographic Areas Reference Manual (p. 11-14), "This methodology permits the Census Bureau to accommodate changes to the boundaries of legally recognized entities as they occur and still maintain a stable inventory of collection blocks."
In 1980 block data and on 1980 block maps, the block identifiers correspond only to collection blocks and do not distinguish the parts of collection blocks (i.e., the tabulation blocks) that lie in different places or MCDs. The Census Bureau revised this practice in 1990, adding suffixes to tabulation block codes to distinguish each part of a split collection block. As a result, every census reporting area at every census summary level now corresponds exactly to a set of uniquely identified tabulation blocks, but that is not the case in 1980 data.
In the original block-level statistical data in 1980 STF1, there are separate records for each part of a split collection block, each with unique statistics, but without a unique tabulation block identifier. A user must examine the place or MCD codes to determine which part of the collection block each record corresponds to. Unfortunately, there are discrepancies between the place and MCD identifiers in the statistical data and the place and MCD boundaries in TIGER/Line Files and on the paper maps, preventing us from exactly matching the block boundary data to the original tabulation blocks.
The statistical data files include all collection blocks identified in 1980 STF1, including areas not yet covered in the NHGIS boundary files. Out of the 2.5 million blocks identified in 1980 STF1, only about 61,000 are split by place or MCD boundaries. Of these blocks, only 35,000 (those that had non-zero counts for two or more of their parts) required data aggregation.
We derived new data for all tables in the NHGIS dataset "1980 Census: STF1 - 100% Data". That dataset currently provides block data at two geographic levels, which separately cover states with strong MCDs and those without:
To aggregate the data, we first sum the counts for all records that share the same codes for state--county--census tract--block. Then for tables that report median values rather than counts, where aggregation is necessary, we use the same method that the the Census Bureau used, interpolating median estimates from the associated binned count data. For instance, to interpolate an estimate for median age, we use the aggregated counts of persons age 0-4, 5-9, and so on. We provide complete details on this methodology in the codebooks that accompany the data files.
For user convenience, the tables most requested by NHGIS users are available in a separate CSV file. This file contains 16 of the 82 tables in 1980 Summary Tape File 1. A full description of these tables is available in the codebook, which is included with the data file in the download ZIP file. Click below for an overview of the tables.
Basic Tables: 1990 Demographic Profile Reports are available for a wide range of geographic areas and levels. An alternative way to access these 1990 profiles is to invoke the Geographic Codes Lookup application and select the geographic area using the drop-down menus. Once you navigate to the geographic entity you want, click on the FIPS code / link to get to the data applications (aka "applinks") page for the area, and then choose the link to the 1990 Demographic Profile in the Census 1990 section. 2ff7e9595c
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